CAMPBELL AND REECE VOCAB

Chapter 1

Word Roots

bio- life (biology: the scientific study of life; biosphere: all the environments on Earth that are inhabited by life; bioinformatics: using information technology to extract useful information from large sets of biological data)

eu- true (eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus)

-ell small (organelle: a small, formed body with a specialized function found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells)

pro- before; karyo-  nucleus (prokaryotic cell: a cell that has no nucleus)

Chapter 2

 co- = together; -valent = strength (covalent bond: an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons

 electro- = electricity (electronegativity: the tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself

 iso- = equal (isotope: an element having the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons)

 neutr- = neither (neutron: a subatomic particle with a neutral electric charge

Chapter 3

hydro- = water;  -philos = loving; -phobos = fearing

(hydrophilic: having an affinity for water: hydrophobic: having an aversion to water)

 -kilo = a thousand (kilocalorie: a thousand calories)

Chapter 4

VOCAB

 carb- = coal; (carboxyl group: a functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group

 enanti- = opposite (enantiomer: molecules that are mirror images of each other)

iso- = equal (isomer: one of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures and, therefore, different properties)

sulf- = sulfur (sulfhydryl group: a functional group that consists of a sulfur bonded to an atom of hydrogen

thio- = sulfur (thiol: organic compounds containing sulfhydryl groups)

Chapter 5

di- = two (disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together

glycol- = sweet (glycogen: a polysaccharide sugar used to store energy in animals

hydro- = water; lyse- = break (hydrolysis: breaking chemical bonds by adding water) 

macro- = large (macromolecule: a large molecule) 

meros- = part (polymer: chain made from smaller organic molecules)

mono- = single; sacchar = sugar (monosaccharide: simplest type of sugar) 

poly- = many (polysaccharide: many monosaccharides joined together)

tri- = three (triacylglycerol: three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule)

Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6 VOCAB- Cell Structure and function

Word Roots
centro- the center; -soma  a body (centrosome: material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and important during cell division)
chloro- green (chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis in plants and eukaryotic algae)
cili- hair (cilium: a short, hairlike cellular appendage with a microtubule core)
cyto-  cell (cytosol: a semifluid medium in a cell in which organelles are located)
-ell  small (organelle: a small, formed body with a specialized function found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells)
endo-  inner (endomembrane system: the system of membranes within a cell that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane)
eu-  true (eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus)
extra-  outside (extracellular matrix: the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded)
flagell-  whip (flagellum: a long, whiplike cellular appendage that moves cells)
glyco-  sweet (glycoprotein: a protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate)
lamin-  sheet/layer (nuclear lamina: a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus)
lyso-  loosen (lysosome: a membrane-bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes that a cell uses to digest macromolecules)
micro-  small; -tubul  a little pipe (microtubule: a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells)
nucle-  nucleus; -oid  like (nucleoid: the region where the genetic material is concentrated in prokaryotic cells)
phago-  to eat; -kytos  vessel (phagocytosis: a form of cell eating in which a cell engulfs a smaller organism or food particle)
plasm-  molded; -desma a band or bond (plasmodesmata: an open channel in a plant cell wall)
pro- before; -karyo nucleus (prokaryotic cell: a cell that has no nucleus)
pseudo- false; -pod  foot (pseudopodium: a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding)
thylaco- sac or pouch (thylakoid: a series of flattened sacs within chloroplasts)
tono- stretched; -plast molded (tonoplast: the membrane that encloses a large central vacuole in a mature plant cell)
trans- across, -part a harbor (transport vesicle: a membranous compartment used to transport materials from one part of a cell to another)
ultra- beyond (ultracentrifuge: machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities)
vacu- empty (vacuole: sac that buds from the ER, Golgi, or plasma membrane

 

Chapter 7
VOCAB-Membranes

Word Roots

amphi- dual (amphipathic molecule: a molecule that has both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic region)

aqua- water; -pori a small opening (aquaporin: a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that  
    specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane)

co- together; trans- across (cotransport: the coupling of the “downhill” diffusion of one substance to the “uphill” transport of another against its own concentration gradient)

electro- electricity; -genic producing (electrogenic pump: an ion transport protein generating voltage across a membrane)

endo- inner; cyto- cell (endocytosis: the movement of materials into a cell; cell-eating)

exo- outer (exocytosis: the movement of materials out of a cell)

hyper- exceeding; -tonus tension (hypertonic: a solution with a higher concentration of solutes)

hypo- lower (hypotonic: a solution with a lower concentration of solutes)

iso- same (isotonic: solutions with equal concentrations of solutes)

phago- eat (phagocytosis: cell-eating)

pino- drink (pinocytosis: cell-drinking)

plasm- molded; -lyso loosen (plasmolysis: a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment)

Chapter 8

CHAPTER 8 Vocab- Metabolism

WORD ROOTS

allo- different (allosteric site: a specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site)

ana-up (anabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones)

bio- life (bioenergetics: the study of how organisms manage their energy resources)

cata- down (catabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones)

endo- within (endergonic reaction: a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings)

ex- out (exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy)

kinet- movement (kinetic energy: the energy of motion)

therm- heat (thermodynamics: the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter)

Chapter 9

VOCAB- Cellular Respiration

Word Roots

aero- air (aerobic: chemical reaction using oxygen)

an- not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen)

chemi- chemical (chemiosmosis: the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP)

glyco-  sweet; -lysis  split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)

Chapter 10

VOCAB-Photosynthesis

WORD ROOTS

auto- self; -troph food (autotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms)

chloro- green; -phyll leaf (chlorophyll: photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts)

electro-  electricity; magnet-  magnetic (electromagnetic spectrum: the entire spectrum of radiation)

hetero-  other (heterotroph: an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products)

meso- middle (mesophyll: the green tissue in the middle, inside of a leaf)

photo- light (photosystem: cluster of pigment molecules)

Chapter 11

VOCAB

Chapter 12

VOCAB

ana- up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the
chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)

bi- two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half)

centro- the center; -mere a part (centromere: the narrow “waist” of a condensed chromosome)

chroma- colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic chromosomes)

cyclo-  a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)

cyto- cell; -kinet move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)

gamet- a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)

gen-  produce (genome: a cell’s endowment of DNA)

inter-  between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)

mal- bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs)

meio-  less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)

meta- between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)

mito-  a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus)

pro- before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)

-soma  body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules)

telos  an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun)

trans- across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell)

Chapter 13- MEIOSIS

Word Roots

a-  not or without (asexual: type of reproduction not involving fertilization)

-apsis  juncture (synapsis: the pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis)

auto-  self (autosome: the chromosomes that do not determine gender)

chiasm-  marked crosswise (chiasma: the X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromosomes that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis)

di-  two (diploid: cells that contain two homologous sets of chromosomes)

fertil-  fruitful (fertilization: process of fusion of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg cell)

haplo-  single (haploid: cells that contain only one chromosome of each homologous pair)

homo-  like (homologous: like chromosomes that form a pair)

karyo-  nucleus (karyotype: a display of the chromosomes of a cell)

meio-  less (meiosis: a variation of cell division which yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)

soma-  body (somatic: body cells with 46 chromosomes in humans)

sporo-  a seed; -phyt  a plant (sporophyte: the multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation)

syn-  together; gam-  marriage (syngamy: the process of cellular union during fertilization)

tetra-  four (tetrad: the four closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes)

Chapter 14-Mendel and the Gene Idea

centesis a puncture (amniocentesis: a technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus)

co-  together (codominance: phenotype in which both dominant alleles are expressed in the heterozygote)

di- two (dihybrid cross: a breeding experiment in which parental varieties differing in two traits are mated)

epi- beside; -stasis standing (epistasis: a phenomenon in which one gene alters the expression of another gene that is independently inherited)

geno- offspring (genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism)

hetero- different (heterozygous: having two different alleles for a trait)

homo- alike (homozygous: having two identical alleles for a trait)

mono- one (monohybrid cross: a breeding experiment that uses parental varieties differing in a single character)

pedi- a child (pedigree: a family tree describing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring across as many generations as possible)

pheno- appear (phenotype: the physical and physiological traits of an organism)

pleio- more (pleiotropy: when a single gene impacts more than one characteristic)

poly- many; gen- produce (polygenic: an additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character

Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance    

Word Roots

aneu- without (aneuploidy: a chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number)

cyto- cell (cytological maps: charts of chromosomes that locate genes with respect to chromosomal features)

hemo- blood (hemophilia: a human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury)

mono- one (monosomic: a chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be monosomic for that chromosome)

non- not; dis- separate (nondisjunction: an accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or both sister chromatids fail to move apart properly)

poly- many (polyploidy: a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets)

re- again; com- together; -bin two at a time (recombinant: an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents)

trans- across (translocation: attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome)

Chapter 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

 Word Roots

helic- a spiral (helicase: an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks)

liga- bound or tied (DNA ligase: a linking enzyme for DNA replication)

phage to eat (bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria)

semi-  half (semiconservative model: type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand)

telos-  an end (telomere: the protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome)

trans- across (transformation: a phenomenon in which external DNA is assimilated by a cell)  

Chapter 17

CHAPTER 17-FROM GENE TO PROTEIN

Word Roots

anti- opposite (anticodon: a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule)

exo- out, outside, without (exon: a coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed)

intro- within (intron: a noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene)

muta- change; -gen  producing (mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations)

poly-  many (polyA tail: the modified end of the 39 end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)

Chapter 18

Word Roots

capsa- a box (capsid: the protein shell that encloses the viral genome)

conjug- together (conjugation: in bacteria, the transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined)

lyto- loosen (lytic cycle: a type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell)

-oid- like, form (nucleoid: a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell)

-phage-to eat (bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria)

pro- before (provirus: viral DNA that inserts into a host genome)

retro- backward (retrovirus: an RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome)

trans- across (transformation: a phenomenon in which external DNA is assimilated by a cell)

virul- poisonous (virulent virus: a virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle)

Chapter 19

CHAPTER 19-EUKARYOTIC GENOME

Word Roots

eu- true (euchromatin: the more open, unraveled form of eukaryotic chromatin)

hetero- different (heterochromatin: nontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase)

nucleo- the nucleus; -soma body (nucleosome: the basic beadlike unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes)

proto- first, original; onco- tumor (proto-oncogene: a normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene)

pseudo- false (pseudogenes: DNA segments that are very similar to real genes but do not yield functional products)

retro- backward (retrotransposons: transposable elements that move within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA)  

Chapter 20

Word Roots

liga- bound, tied (DNA ligase: a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication)

electro- electricity (electroporation: a technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells)

muta- change; -genesis  origin, birth (in vitro mutagenesis: a technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant)

poly- many; morph-  form (single nucleotide polymorphism: one base-pair variation in the genome sequence)  

Chapter 21

apic-  tip (apical meristem: embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length)

morph-  form; -gen  produce (morphogen: a substance that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis)

toti- all; -potent powerful (totipotent: the ability of a cell to form all parts of the mature organism)

Chapter 22

VOCAB

WORD ROOTS
bio- life; geo- the Earth (biogeography: the study of the past and present distribution of species)

end- within (endemic: a type of species that is found only in one region and nowhere else in the world.)

homo- like, resembling (homology: similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry)

paleo- ancient (paleontology: the scientific study of fossils)

taxo- arrange(taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life)

vestigi- trace (vestigial organs: structures of marginal, if any, importance to an organism; they are historical
              remnants of structures that had important functions in  

Chapter 23

WORD ROOTS

inter- between (intersexual selection: individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice)

intra- within (intrasexual selection: a direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex)

micro-  small (microevolution: a change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations)

muta- change (mutation: a change in the DNA of genes that ultimately creates genetic diversity)

poly- many; morph- form (polymorphism: the coexistence of two or more distinct forms of individuals in the same

Chapter 24

WORD ROOTS

allo- other; -metron measure (allometric growth: the variation in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps shape the organism)

ana- up; -genesis origin, birth (anagenesis: a pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population, sometimes to a state different enough from the ancestral population to justify renaming it as a separate species)

auto- self; poly- many (autopolyploid: a type of polyploid species resulting from one species doubling its chromosome number to become tetraploid)

clado- branch (cladogenesis: a pattern of evolutionary change that produces biological diversity by budding one or more new species from a parent species that continues to exist)

hetero- different (heterochrony: evolutionary changes in the timing or rate of development)

macro- large (macroevolution: evolutionary change beginning with speciation, encompassing the origin of novel designs, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, and mass extinction)

paedo- child (paedomorphosis: the retention in the adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors)

post- after (postzygotic barrier: any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults)

sym- together; -patri father (sympatric speciation: a mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical  change in the genome
    that produces a reproductively isolated subpopulation in the midst of its parent population)

Chapter 25

Word Roots
analog- proportion (analogy: similarity due to convergence)
bi- two; -nom name (binomial: a two-part latinized name of a species)
clado- branch (cladogram: a dichotomous phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly)
homo-  like, resembling (homology: similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry)
mono- one (monophyletic: pertaining to a taxon derived from a single ancestral species that gave rise to no species in any other taxa)
parsi- few (principle of parsimony: the premise that a theory about nature should be the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts)
phylo-  tribe; -geny  origin (phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a taxon)
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Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Chapter 32

Chapter 33

Chapter 34

Chapter 35

Chapter 36

Chapter 37

Chapter 38

Chapter 39

Chapter 40

Chapter 41

Chapter 42

Chapter 43

Chapter 44

Chapter 45

Chapter 46

Chapter 47

Chapter 48

Chapter 49

Chapter 50

Chapter 51

Chapter 52

Chapter 53

Chapter 54

Chapter 55