OLD FRQ's  prior to 1995

(1998)  Cells transport substances across their membranes. 
Choose THREE of the following four types of cellular transport.
        ·         Osmosis
        ·         Active Transport                 
        ·         Facilitated diffusion        
        ·         Endocytosis/exocytosis

For each of the three transport types you choose
a.  describe the transport process and explain how the organization of cell membranes functions in the movement of specific molecules  across the membrane.
b. explain the significance of each type of transport to a specific cell (you may use different cell types as examples.)

(1994)    Discuss how cellular structures, including the plasma membrane, specialized endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeletal elements, and mitochondria, function together in the contraction of skeletal muscle cells.

(1993)    Membranes are important structural features of cells.
        a.     Describe how membrane structure is related to the transport of materials across a membrane.
        b.     Describe the role of membranes in the synthesis of ATP in either cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

(1987)    Discuss the process of cell division in animals. Include a description of mitosis and cytokinesis, and of the other phases of the cell cycle. Do not include meiosis.

(1984)    Describe the structure of a generalized eukaryotic plant cell. Indicate the ways in which a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell would differ in structure from this generalized eukaryotic plant cell.

(1983)    Describe the fluid-mosaic model of a plasma membrane. Discuss the role of the membrane in the movement of materials through by each of the following processes.
        a.     Active Transport
        b.     Passive Transport

(1981)    Describe the structural arrangement and function of the membranes associated with each of the following eukaryotic organelles:
        a.     Mitochondrion
        b.     Endoplasmic Reticulum
        c.     Chloroplast
        d.     Golgi Apparatus

(1978)    Describe a model of the cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell and discuss different ways in which substances move across the membrane.

(1975)    All living cells exploit their environment for energy and for molecular components in order to maintain their internal environments.
Describe the roles of several different membrane systems in these activities.

(1970)    Electron microscope studies have revealed the probable structures of plasma membranes and the membranes of various cell components.
        a.     Describe the kinds of observations and experiments that are used to study the basic structure and molecular components of these membranes.
        b.     Discuss mechanisms by which materials are thought to move across membranes.
        c.     Discuss the significance of membranes in the biochemical events which occur in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

(1969)    Suppose a team of scientists is examining the cells of a newly discovered species. They observe under the light microscope an organelle that appears to be different from any that has been described before. Assume that you are the director of the research team. Describe the methods that you would have the team use to determine whether the structure is a mitochondrion, ribosome, lysosome, nucleolus, or indeed a new organelle. Discuss the advantages and limitations of each method in revealing the role of the unknown organelle in the living cell.  

(1964)  
 a. Describe the structure of the cell membrane as revealed by electron microscopy and biochemical studies.
b. Explain how the passage of substances through the cell membrane is regulated by the  physical and chemical properties of the substances involved.
c. Explain how the concentration of a solute on either side of a semi-permeable membrane  affects osmosis.

(1960)   
a. Make a schematic diagram of a generalized plant or animal cell, showing the structure of its parts as revealed by electron microscopy.
      Make a diagram the size of a full page and label it completely, indicating whether the cell is from a plant or an animal.
b. List the parts included in your diagram and describe briefly the activities or functions thought to be performed by each one.

(1959)    Some of the differentiated structures of plant and animal cells are cell walls, plasma membranes, chromosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and spindle fibers.
Discuss four of these with respect to:
          1) function  and  
          2) physico-chemical nature.

(2007)  Membranes are essential components of all cells.

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